How lunar and Martian robots communicate without real-time human control using DTN protocols, shared data, and autonomous coordination-key to future space missions.
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Water ice at the lunar south pole could transform space exploration. Confirmed by multiple missions, this ice may provide fuel, oxygen, and scientific clues about the solar system's history. Here's what we know-and what's still unknown.
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Ultrasonic and friction stir welding are revolutionizing space manufacturing by enabling strong, lightweight joins without melting or fasteners. Learn how NASA and private companies are using these techniques for lunar bases and in-orbit repairs.
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Human-rating standards ensure crewed spacecraft can safely carry astronauts through every phase of flight. Learn how NASA and regulators enforce safety, why it costs billions, and how future missions will adapt in real time.
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NASA and ESA successfully printed metal parts in microgravity aboard the ISS in 2024, marking a turning point in space manufacturing. This breakthrough enables on-demand creation of tools and components during deep space missions, reducing reliance on Earth resupply.
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Novel polymer composites like tungsten carbide-epoxy and LDPE-cement blends are replacing lead in radiation shielding for space missions, offering 30-50% weight reduction without sacrificing protection against cosmic rays and neutrons.
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Crystal growth in space produces near-perfect crystals by eliminating gravity-driven flaws. These materials are revolutionizing semiconductors and pharmaceuticals, offering higher efficiency, fewer defects, and new molecular forms impossible on Earth.
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Grid fins are the key to precision rocket landings, enabling reusable boosters to steer through extreme reentry conditions. SpaceX's titanium grid fins have slashed launch costs and made drone ship landings routine.
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Drag sails are the simplest, most reliable way to deorbit small satellites and prevent space debris. Learn how they work, why they're mandatory, and which satellites use them today.
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The Rescue Agreement legally obligates nations to save astronauts in distress and return them safely. But with space tourism rising, outdated definitions and unaddressed costs threaten its effectiveness.
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The ITU manages global satellite spectrum and orbital rights through a complex filing system. Learn how countries and companies claim space, why paper satellites are a problem, and what’s changing in 2025 to make space fairer.
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Methalox engines using liquid methane and oxygen are replacing kerosene in modern rockets due to cleaner burns, lower costs, and unmatched reusability - making them essential for Mars missions and affordable spaceflight.
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